阅读真题详解

可是，徐老师想要告诉大家的的英文：！并没有。并没有变难，难的是你不知道考试的规律，你不知道真题的难度和模样今天徐老师给大家带来一篇阅读真题重点题目的解析（2017年4月15日B卷第三篇文章），不仅会解析本题还会涉及到题型的解题方法，童靴们做一做题目，看一看详细的解析，一定会大有收获！拿走不谢！

Among the enduring legacies of the famous European voyages of discovery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are a collection and scientific description of plants and animals from around the world. These form the nucleus of the great collections in modern museums and have been responsible for a radical revision in the way that we perceive the structure of Earth

and the forces that have shaped its surface over time. As the fauna and flora from far-flung lands came to be described and incorporated into the body of knowledge about the world, it was noted that there were some striking similarities among living and extinct organisms of the Southern Hemisphere continents. In the 1840s, the English botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker commented on the remarkable fact that the flora of South America and Oceania (mainly Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and the Malay Archipelago) shared seven families of flowering plants and 48 genera that were not to be found elsewhere. Later, similar patterns were observed in other groups of plants and animals, such as liverworts, lichens,mayflies, midges, and various types of vertebrates. How could these similarities be explained in view of the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents

Today. One idea developed during the late nineteenth century was that there existed in the remote geological past, a vast Southern Hemisphere continent, in other words, that the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were somehow connected long ago, thus explaining the similarities in fauna and flora.The name given to this hypothetical continent was Gondwana.

1.The word enduring in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.  exciting

B.  lasting

C.  unexpected

D.  well-known

正确答案：B

2..Why does the author mention the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents today   

A.  To emphasize the importance of the famous European voyages of discovery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

B.  To suggest a reason why so many genera of flowering plants are found only in the Southern Hemisphere

C.  To question the accuracy of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker's observations about the similarities between the flora of Australia and that of South America

D.  To explain why the similarities between flora pointed out by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker seemed so remarkable

正确答案：D

解析：目的题: 找中心.

找出本句话“the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents today”是为了证明哪个中心句的。首先读懂本句话：考虑到那些分离了南半球的大面积的海洋，这些相似性是如何被解释的呢？所以这句话的中心词是“相似性”，那么就看前面的内容关于“相似性”有哪些描述。一定要从第一句话开始看，会发现前面2句话是背景描述，并没有实质性的信息，从第三句话开始才有关键信息，第三句的核心信息是“现存的和已灭绝的生物有很显著的相似性”，这里出现了我们刚才找到的中心词“相似性”。接下来，出现了时间和特殊的人名Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker，说DH 这个人发现了一些显著的（remarkable）的“相似性”的证据。也就是这几句话的中心信息就是“生物显著的相似性被发现了”，所以紧接下来的这句题干句“the enormous stretches of ocean that separate the Southern Hemisphere continents today”就是为了证明“生物相似性如此显著”这个中心的。所以是D选项。

3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.  The similarities in fauna and flora across Southern Hemisphere continents were explained in the late nineteenth century.

B.  In the nineteenth century it was discovered that the Southern Hemisphere continents contain fauna and flora that are highly similar.

C.  In the nineteenth century, it was suggested that the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were once connected.

D.  The fauna and flora of the modern continents of the Southern Hemisphere were found to be very similar in the late nineteenth century.

正确答案：C

解析：句子简化题：1 有逻辑：找逻辑和逻辑要素。2 无逻辑：找主干以及核心信息。

题干句完整翻译为：在19世纪末期提出的一个观点是过去遥远的地质年代存在着一大片南半球大陆，换句话说，现在的南半球大陆在很久以前是连接在一起的，因此解释了动植物的相似性。

此句无逻辑，主干信息是：有一个观点是：南半球大陆过去是连接在一起的，这个观点解释了动植物的相似性。

A 相似性被解释了。很显然，原句的主干信息：观点的内容是缺失的，所以错。

B 南半球大陆包含了具备相似性的动植物。错因同A，缺失了主干信息：观点内容。

C 正确，匹配了原句的主干信息：有一个观点是：南半球大陆过去是连接的。

D 南半球的动植物被发现是非常相似的。错因同AB，缺失了主干信息：观点内容。

One of the most distinctive fossil plants of this hypothetical continent is called Glossopteris.When first described by the French paleobotanist Adolphe Brongniart in 1828, Glossopteris was thought to be a type of fern. Now, however, it is known to be a woody seed-bearing shrub or tree. The trunks of Glossopteris could reach 4 meters in height. Seeds and pollen-containing organs were borne in clusters at the tips of slender stalks attached to the leaves, but some species may have borne seeds in cones. It is thought that Glossopteris lived in a seasonal environment, and this is consistent with the occurrence of growth rings in the wood. Also, there is evidence that the plant was deciduous (that is, that it shed its leaves annually at the end of the growing season) and that it grew under very wet soil conditions, like the modern swamp cypress. The large leaves of Glossopter which is exceeded 30 centimeters in length are common fossils in rocks of the Permian period (299¨C251 million years ago) in India, Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica.

4.In paragraph 2, the author discusses Glossopteris in order to

A.  provide an example of a fossil species that was attributed to Gondwana on the basis of its wide distribution   

B.  explain why the descriptions of ancient plants made by Adolphe Brongniart were not completely accurate

C.  establish the importance of nineteenth-century paleobotanist Adolphe Brongniart

D.  show that similarities among flora in the Southern Hemisphere continents were not limited to flowering plants

正确答案：A

解析：目的题:找中心。

题干关键词是：Glossopteris。从首句开始看：“（能够代表）这个假想的大陆最有特色的植物化石之一叫做Glossopteris，”第一句话就出现了题干的关键词，那么就应该读慢一些，开始思考。很显然这句话的意思是：这个G是能够证明这个假想的大陆的证据，也就是说G是一个例子，是为了证明“假想的大陆”这个中心的，所以答案是A。

5..According to paragraph 2, current evidence indicates that Glossopteris had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A.  It was deciduous.

B.  It was a type of fern.

C.  It had large leaves.

D.  It grew in wet soil conditions.

正确答案：B

6..According to paragraph 2, what suggests that Glossopteris may have lived in a seasonal

environment   

A.  It grew in what is now Antarctica.

B.  It was a seed-bearing plant.

C.  There is evidence that it lost its leaves annually.

D.  There were stalks attached to its leaves.

正确选项：C

At the time the Gondwana hypothesis was conceived, theprevailing theory of Earth saw continents as fixed in their relative positions. The problem of linking up the various elements of Gondwana was solved by hypothesizing the existence of ancient land bridges. This changed in 1912 with the proposal of the theory of continental drift by the German meteorologist and geophysicist Alfred Wegener, an idea that was later developed and championed by the famous South African geologist Alex Logan du Toit. Wegener and du Toit argued that the continents are not fixed; rather, they have moved apart or drifted to their present-day positions. In the past, Gondwana was a single contiguous landmass comprising the present-day Southern Hemisphere continents.

7..The word prevailing in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.  best understood

B.  most controversial

C.  generally accepted

D.  recently proposed

正确答案：C

8..According to paragraph 3, why did geologists initially hypothesize the existence of ancient land bridges across continents   

A.  To explain how the continents may have drifted to their present-day positions

B.  To explain how organisms could spread across distant continents

C.  To argue against Wegener's theory of continental drift

D.  To help explain the present-day positions of the Southern Hemisphere continents

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。

题干关键词是why, geologists, hypothesize, ancient land bridges. 题干一定要看清楚，问的是地质学家为什么假设ancient land bridge的存在，而不是作者为什么假设ancient land bridge的存在。题目看懂以后，开始看文章，从第一句开始看。第一句核心信息：Gondwana大陆被提出来了，大陆的相对位置是固定的。第二句直译是：连接G大陆的各种不同的部分的这个问题被解决了，通过假设古代大陆桥的存在被解决了。这句话最难理解的是the problem，到底这个problem是什么意思呢？其实这个problem是：G 大陆各个不同的部分却拥有相同的动植物（要结合第一段和第二段的内容）。所以，通过假设古代大陆桥的存在，人们解决了这个问题（也就是想通了为啥在大陆不同的部分会有相同的动植物）。因此，此题选B。

9..According to paragraph 3, what did Alfred Wegener and Alex Logan du Toit have in common   

A.  Both were originally trained as meteorologists.

B.  Both had doubts about the hypothesis that Gondwana was once a single contiguous landmass.

C.  Both believed that continents change their position over time.

D.  Both believed that the present-day Southern Hemisphere continents were too far apart to have been linked by a land bridge.

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。

题干关键词是两个人名和common：AW和ALDT，他们有什么共同点。做完上一题后，继续看这一段的第三句话，核心信息是：这个（假说：指的是大陆桥的存在）在1912年改变了，随着AW的大陆漂移的假说的提出而改变了，这个观点被ALDT所发展并支持。所以，这2个人都支持大陆漂移理论，因此选C。

These ideas seemed incredible at the time, but in support of their theory Wegener and du Toit pointed to similarities in fauna and flora, and the distributions of fossils such as Glossopteris provided an important piece of evidence in the assembly of the Gondwana jigsaw puzzle. Wegener and du Toit also drew together other different sources of evidence, such as the remarkable geometric fit of South America and Africa, and similarities between the ages and types of rock found in areas of Southern Hemisphere continents that are now thousands of miles apart. The notion of drifting continents only became widely accepted in the 1960s following the discovery of paleomagnetism (the study of changes in the polarity of Earth's magnetic field through time) and the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which explained the growth and movement of continents and other geological phenomena.

10..The word incredible in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.  unfamiliar

B.  unsupported

C.  hard to understand

D.  impossible to believe

正确答案：D

11..According to paragraph 4, Wegener and du Toit offered all of the following evidence in

support of their hypothesis EXCEPT

A.  distributions of fossils across the Southern Hemisphere continents

B.  the geometric fit of South America and Africa

C.  similarities in rocks across the Southern Hemisphere continents

D.  differences in geological phenomena across the Southern Hemisphere continents

正确答案：D

12..Paragraph 4 strongly suggests that the theory of continental drift was not widely accepted

before the 1960s in part because

A.  the distributions of fossils such as Glossopteris were not yet generally known

B.  other explanations for the geometric fit of South America and Africa were available

C.  there was no satisfactory explanation for the movement of continents

D.  few scientists accepted the claims made by Wegener and du Toit about the similarities in the

ages of groups of rocks

正确答案：C

解析：推断题。

题干关键词是theory of continental drift not accept because：大陆漂移假说为什么没有被接受。这是个推断题，推断题的做题方法较为复杂，整体来说分为正推和反推。此题属于反推，对应的原文的句子是本段最后一句话：大陆漂移的观点直到paleomagnetism的发现以及大陆板块构造地质学理论的发展才被广泛接受。言外之意就是这2个理论没有出现的时候，大陆漂移理论并没有被接受，也就是没有充足的证据。因此对应选项C。

13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This led to its name, which means tongue fern in Greek and is a reference to its tongue-shaped leaves.   

Where would the sentence best fit?    Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text.

Answer Choices

A.  The plants and animals collected during the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century voyages of discovery made it possible to advance important scientific theories.   

B.  By 1828, fossils of Glossopteris had been discovered to have inhabited both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere continents in the remote geological past.

C.  To explain the observed distribution patterns of flora and fauna, scientists hypothesized that land bridges had linked the widely separated Southern Hemisphere continents in the

geological past.

D.  The theory of continental drift, proposed in 1912, held that the Southern Hemisphere continents once formed an unbroken landmass and subsequently moved apart to their present locations.

E.  To support their hypothesis that continents are not fixed in their relative positions, Alfred Wegener and Alex Logan du Toit used paleomagnetic evidence to develop the theory of plate tectonics.

F.  Continental drift explained the distribution of organisms as well as the similarities in rocks and the geometric fit of Africa and South America, but the theory was not generally accepted

until the 1960s.   

正确选项：CDF

解析：六选三：正确选项为：段落中心或者文章中心。

首先总结一下各段的中心：

第一段：第一段的中心是最后一句话中提出的观点：在古代，南半球大陆是连接在一起的这个大陆叫做Gondwana。

第二段：Glossopteris的植物的化石证明了首段提出的观点。

第三段：需分层：上半段中心：大陆桥的存在解释了动植物的一致性。下半段：科学家AW和ALDT提出并支持大陆漂移理论：Gondwana从一个完整的大陆板块逐渐漂移、分离，形成了现在南半球各个大陆。

第四段：AW和ALDT提出了一些证据来支持他们的观点，并且最终随着相关的2个理论（paleomagnetism的发现以及大陆构造地质学理论）的提出，大陆漂移理论被广泛接受了。

来看选项：

A 在航行中收集的动植物使得发展一些科学理论变为可能。

  这是首段的第一句的同义改写，虽然内容是正确的，但是这并不是首段的中心，所以不选。

B Glossopteris化石被发现定居在……。

  这个选项后面的内容无需细看，就知道这只是第二段的一个细节信息，非中心，所以不选。

C 第三段上半段的中心。

D 第三段下半段的中心。

E  AW和ALDT使用paleomagnetic证据来发展板块地质构造学。

  原文只说了板块地质构造学有所发展，但没有说是AW和ALDT使用的，并且也不是中心，

  所以不选。

F 前半句是全文中心，后半句是第四段的中心。